Brahmanism For Beginners

Brahmanism,  also known as Proto-Hinduism, was an early religion in the Indian sub-continent that was based on Vedic writing. It is considered an early form of Hinduism. Vedic writing refers to the Vedas, the hymns of the Aryans, who if they actually did so, invaded in the second millennium B.C. Otherwise, they were the resident nobles. In Brahmanism, the Brahmins, who included priests, performed the sacred offices required in the Vedas.   The Highest Caste This complex sacrificial religion emerged in 900 B.C.  The strong Brahman power and priests who have lived and shared with the Brahman people  included an Indian society caste where only members of the highest caste were able to become priests. While there are other castes, such as the Kshatriyas, Vaishyas, and the Shudras, the Brahmins include priests who teach and maintain sacred knowledge of the religion. One large ritual that occurs with local Brahman males, that are part of this social caste, includes chants, prayers, and hymns. This ritual occurs in Kerala in South India where the language is unknown, with words and sentences being misunderstood by even the Brahmans themselves. Despite this, the ritual has been a part of the male culture in generations for more than 10,000 years. Beliefs and Hinduism The belief in one true God, Brahman, is at the core of the Hinduism religion. The supreme spirit is celebrated through the symbolism of the Om.  The central practice of Brahmanism is sacrifice while Moksha, the liberation, bliss and unification with the Godhead, is the main mission. While the terminology varies by the religious philosopher,  Brahmanism is considered to be the predecessor  of Hinduism.  It is regarded as the same thing due to the Hindus getting their name from the Indus River where the Aryans performed the Vedas. Metaphysical Spirituality Metaphysics is a central concept to the Brahmanism belief system. The idea is that That which existed before the creation of the universe, which constitutes all of the existence thereafter, and into which the universe will dissolve into, followed by similar endless creation-maintenance-destruction cycles according to Sir  Monier Monier-Williams  in  BrÄ hmanism and HindÃ… «ism.  This type of spirituality seeks to understand that which is above or transcends the physical environment we live in. It explores life on earth and in spirit and acquires knowledge  about human character, how the mind works and interaction with people.   Reincarnation The Brahmans believe in reincarnation and Karma, according to early texts from the Vedas. In Brahminism and Hinduism, a soul reincarnates on earth repeatedly and eventually transforms into a perfect soul, reuniting with the Source. Reincarnation can happen through several bodies, forms, births, and deaths before becoming perfect. Sources From Brahmanism to Hinduism: Negotiating the Myth of the Great Tradition, by Vijay Nath. Social Scientist, Vol. 29, No. 3/4 (Mar. - Apr. 2001), pp. 19-50.

Food And Drug Administration Is Responsible For Protecting...

The majority of Americans apply products to their body multiple times a day without knowing what ingredients are in those products. Most of the products sold in the United States are considered toxic because of their ingredients. Shockingly, U.S Law states that â€Å"cosmetic products and ingredients do not need Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approval before they go on the market† (Prohibited Restricted Laws). Without regulation, harmful ingredients are slipped into products. These harmful ingredients can cause dangerous side effects such as cancer, skin irritations, hormone disrupters, and more. With a push for FDA product regulation, toxic ingredients in cosmetics could eventually be prohibited in regards to our country’s safety. According to the U.S Food and Drug Administration, the â€Å"FDA is responsible for protecting the public health by assuring the safety, efficacy, and security of human and veterinary drugs, biological products, medical devices, our nat ion’s food supply, cosmetics, and products that emit radiation† (What We Do). As a service dedicated to their citizens overall health, it seems hypocritical to allow detrimental ingredients into products sold to millions. For example, a tube of foundation could read it’s efficacy to cover up one’s blemishes but there will be no label about the efficacy of the harmful ingredients. If the FDA was concerned about product’s being used correctly then they should include warning labels about the dangers of each ingredientShow MoreRelatedThe Three Core Functions Of Public Health820 Words   |  4 Pagesintroduction to public health and to answer three questions. What are the three core functions of public health? 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According toRead MoreRegulatory Agency: Food and Drug Administration Essay1617 Words   |  7 PagesRegulatory Agency: Food and Drug Administration Victoria Steele University of Phoenix Regulatory Agency: Food and Drug Administration The regulation of all areas of health care in The United States falls to The United States Department of Health and Human. One such area is the regulation on medications dispensed within the United States. The section of The United States Department of Health and Human Services responsible for regulation on medications is the Food and Drug Administration (FDA). WhereasRead MoreVaccines Are Safe And Safe Today1231 Words   |  5 Pageshumans. Throughout history there has been epidemic of deadly viruses all around the world. As a species, we have developed a way to prevent disease and viruses though vaccines or immunizations. The Idea of Vaccine have bee a major challenged to public health over the last century. But like any type of medication, there are going to be both pros and cons. Recently there has been cause for concern for vaccination children. The concern steams from the belief if vaccines are safe today. There are alsoRead MoreLabel Or Not, The Gmo Dilemma1726 Words   |  7 Pagesagricultural experiment for over twenty years. Since the mid-1990s the U.S population has been consuming Genetically Engineered (GE) foods or foods that contain Genetically Modified Organisms (GMOs) without having done enough research to assess its long time effects on humans. According to the U.S Food and Drug Administration (FDA), agency responsible for protecting the public’s health and safety, â€Å"genetic engineering is the name given to certain methods that scientists use to introduce new traits or characteristicsRead MoreShould Drugs Be Safe For Consumption?1688 Words   |  7 Pagesdo you know that these medications will benefit your health? How do you know that the drugs are safe for you? 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British Philosophy Free Essays

The European Philosophy that was witnessed in the early to late seventeenth century is generally regarded as the period of enlightenment when the reaction of the empiricists replaced the Rationalists of the early seventeenth century Europe. Introduction The word philosophy has its origins from the Greek language, which means â€Å"love for wisdom†. When first used the word used to integrate all forms of love for education. We will write a custom essay sample on British Philosophy or any similar topic only for you Order Now It is only recently that it started being used to refer to a â€Å"special branch of inquiry† which is distinct from other sciences. (Conway, A. 122) The British philosophy is part of the Western philosophy that was in rise during the seventeenth century Europe that was characterized by a peculiar mode of living called â€Å"bourgeois society†. (John S. 237) The mode of living was also characterized by various forms of thinking that distinctly reflected the existent living lifestyles. The lifestyle and the thinking there-in is what gave rise to what is ailing the whole of humanity today. It gave rise to modern-day capitalism or what was referred to as the ‘bourgeois society. † (Conway, A. 123) Open social environment that existed in the pre-Revolutionary England heralded the beginnings of the British philosophy. During this period the social conditions were greatly influenced by various Empiricists from Britain who included Thomas Hobbes and Francis Bacon and later John Locke who played a significant role during the Restoration Period. The development of Bourgeois thinking in Britain was greatly influenced by the growth of natural science which saw the likes of Isaac Newton the father of modern physics (1642-1727) being one of the most prominent natural scientists from Britain, influenced its growth prior to the nineteenth century before the growth of the industrial revolution. (John S. 235) British Empire is generally credited with the development of a bourgeois revolution and was the first to â€Å"make an industrial revolution. † This being the case the British rather than facing the challenges of working through theory saw the need to â€Å"accumulate material for theory to work upon instead. †(J. H. Muirhead 88) To achieve the revolution, the British realized the only way to challenge the existent of the feudal wisdom that was characteristic amongst the ruling class and achieve political and economic freedom, the only way out was via exploration, science technological advancement, industrial growth and profiteering. (Julian B Jeremy S 69) The British bourgeois is strongly interrelated with the Empiricist philosophy of the seventeenth century and because it is credited with the great changes that were accomplished by the industrial revolution in Europe, it has the tendency to distrust all other theories and instead, depend so much on accumulated observation and experience. (Francois D L 23) Because of this reason the British have not featured prominently amongst the great names in the philosophy history. â€Å"British philosophy has not traditionally taken much of an interest in the lives of its great figures †¦ â€Å"(Julian B Jeremy S 70) The only notable British philosophers are Alan Turing and Bertrand Russell who were Mathematicians others include Adela Pankhurst Juliet Mitchell and Sheila Rowbothan who were British feminists. Conclusion British philosophy therefore did not churn out great philosophers as witnessed in other parts of Europe. Nevertheless, it is credited for the development of modern day capitalism that started of during the period of the Enlightenment paving way to the Industrial revolution. Works Cited Conway, Anne: The Principles of the most ancient and modern philosophy. Loptson. The Hague: Martinus Nijhoff, 1982. P122-123 Francois De Larrard: British Philosophy in the 17th and 18th Centuries: Thoemmes Press, 1992 p23-45 J. H. Muirhead: Contemporary British Philosophy: 1953 p 88 John Stuart Brown: British Philosophy in the Age of Enlightenment: Arnold Publishers. 2003 p234-237 Julian Baggini, Jeremy Stangroom: New British Philosophy: The Interviews: Routledge (1 May 2002) p69-70 How to cite British Philosophy, Papers

Unemployment In Australia Government Policies

Question: Discuss about theUnemployment In Australia for Government Policies. Answer: Introduction The paper aims to explain clearly unemployment condition in Australia. It dwells on the unemployment trend among different category of citizens. It looks at various types of unemployment; issues related to unemployment, Government policies concerning unemployment and unemployment status in various states (Virtue 2014). The paper aims to show the causes and analyze the existing trend in Australian labor market. Australia has been experiencing unemployment growth for a quite extended period. It has been a menace in Australian economic status that hinders the need to enhance the growth of sectors that can sustain the continuous population increase with the higher number of youths targeting employment opportunities. Since the beginning of 21st century, the country has encountered difficult situations on how to curtail unemployment. An increasing number of individual in the country without job opportunities has been felt. Among the unemployed are youths who represent a larger percentage o f the category of unemployed. Since, 2008 after a Global Financial Crisis, the country experiences an estimated 12% of youths unemployed with a composition of age bracket of 15 to 24 years. In comparison to adult unemployment, two-third of unemployed represent youths while adults are only represented by one-third of the unemployed population. Children are more exposed to this risk due to structural and seasonal factors dictated by labor market conditions in the country. Economic status of the country is still unstable since the happening of GFC, a factor which relates positively to unemployment. Youths suffer most due to lack of skills and experiences required by companies in the market. Therefore, their employability is negatively derailed. The majority of children are forced to look for either part-time or casual jobs because a bracket of teenagers is still in learning institutions, a fact that restrict their flexibility toward work hours. Unemployment Trend in Australia Australia being part of global economy, it is not eliminated from the circle of countries that suffer from unemployment crisis. GFC caused a lot of economic challenges to the socioeconomic status of the global market, a situation that boosted labor market failure among other adverse effects. Globally, more than 75 million youths are looking for jobs, though, 60% of them have a probability that they may get opportunities. However, the remaining 40% are directly unemployed. In a nutshell, the majority of the youths suffer more worldwide in the labor market compared to adults, a fact that is right with Australia. According to Australian Bureau of Statistics, the country has experienced various economic status; boom and recession that affect the financial performance of the countys economy on a radical concept. In 2000 to 2001, the country was hit by a crisis that short-lived for two years, a crisis that left many youthful categories with no expectation of job opportunities. The recent c risis that has hit Australia is the GFC in 2008 which has interfered with monetary and fiscal measures that a country can use to achieve the stability of the economy. Unemployment Among Youths in Australia Youth unemployment in the country is defined as the number of kids within the age bracket of 15-24 years who are ready and looking for a job but cannot find. According to International Labor Organization, an unemployed person is an individual who has not worked for at least an hour for the past one week and does not have a possibility of working shortly. These are people who are without work though available to work and deliberately looking for jobs. Youth unemployment in the country has increased from 13.19% to 13.24 in July this year. This is a statistics that is overpowered by only youth unemployment condition in 1978 and 1992 which were at 13.48% and 20.22 respectively. In 2008, the country experienced a low rate of unemployment among teenagers at 7.61%. Unemployment among the youths is not equally distributed, with men affected more compared to women. There is a high possibility of a young man failing to secure a job compared to a young lady. The resulted unemployment situation in Australia among youths is a disaster that requires intervention, however, through unstable economic structures the country is not in a position to overturn the case. The trend clearly shows how the country is in a mess, and if economic fluctuations are experienced again, the country will be in a desperate moment to Carter for its youthful population. Types of Unemployment in Australia The country suffers from three main types of unemployment; Cyclical Unemployment This is a kind of unemployment that happens when the level of countrys national spending and the production ability is weak. This typically happens in recessions and depressions. Such unemployment does not survive when recessions or depressions end. Usually, it ends when the boom periods starts. It is facilitated by low spending rate in the country thus lowering the sales on goods and services. Following the GFC that happened in 2008, the country suffered a recession period (Estevo, S and Petrongolo 2008). This interfered with the countrys spending capacity on property and services thus slowed the rate of economic growth and the GDP. Consequently, the slow economic growth has a direct relationship with the employment opportunity in the economy. A fall in the level of economic growth lowers the job opportunities hence unemployment scenario is approached. All the adverse effects are accompanied by shrinking of job vacancies, the decline in hours of work and period of unemployment incre ases. The global recession and recent GFC which still have an effect on Australia economy, slow down the job creation strategies. Cyclical unemployment contributes to almost 5% of unemployment in Australia. Moreover, the demand side of the market become weak due to the following conditions; Pessimistic nature of consumers. Consumers are attentive during recession periods about their future incomes and employment status. Therefore, they intend to save instead of spending on goods and services. Such a decision that has hindered the spending strength of the country. Reduced business confidence level. When companies are depressed about the sales and profit in future, they decide to stop or lower the standard of investment spending on new business entities thus weakening economic growth. Reduction in household income. Economic recessions reduce families income, a situation that lowers spending possibility. This is elaborated by a downturn in 2008 that has effect in the country to date. Recession experienced by principal trading partners. Major trading partners of Australia have been in slowdown and recession, a fact that affects the countrys economy negatively by reducing their level of spending on the countys productions. This has been happening with countries like Japan, United States, and Britain. High rates of interest. Higher rates of interest on credit discourage borrowing that is used and consumption and investment purposes. Increased taxation on government spending. Practices encouraging high taxes on the government spending have been at the core center to reduce the capability of expenditure of the country. They deter the possibility of the state to spend regarding the costs involved. Failure by the government to pay slows the economic growth. Natural Unemployment This is a type of unemployment that exists even in healthy economic conditions. In the country, before 2008, there was a disappearance of cyclical unemployment though the economy still has undergone unemployment rate of 5%. From the name, it typically exists in economy regardless of the challenges created by recessions or depressions in either country of the global market. Natural type unemployment happens due to changes in supply-side of the market. Reduction in supply affects firms and organizations organization, production, the level of profit and ability to survive in the market. Also, it hinders companys willingness to employ more labor force. Australia level of unemployment is at the highest compared to recent years, with 13.24% youths unemployed. This is a worse rate considering the degree of birth rate in the country that makes it a youthful population. Failure to employ labor force as demonstrated by natural unemployment will only worsen the situation. Structural Unemployment It happens due to changes in the production of goods and services. It contributes primarily to the rate of unemployment in Australia. A substantial structural change in the production sector has been taking the course. This is due to technological and high competition level in the global market from economic powers who produces manufactured goods and services. Furthermore, the changes create alteration on the consumption patterns due to the effect on the real level of income. The following are the changes that cause structural unemployment; Lack of profits and business closure. Economic challenges may subject a company to reduced profitability. This may be necessitated by high costs of production, high taxation rate and high-interest rates by financial institutions. Thereby doing the business to be bankrupt hence closure. This happened in 2014 when companies like Shell Refinery, Alcoa, and other businesses announced about future openings due to closure. Technological change and mismatch of skills. Restructuring of technology to adapt to new technology embraced by the global market has created unemployment level to rise. Use of computers, online shopping, and online marketing are some of the new changes that make labor force less necessary. Computers are operated with people with skills; however, they take responsibilities that would have performed by many people. Mismatch of competencies among youths and another category of people in the labor market is too contributing negatively. The majority of job seekers lack skills required in positions advertised, and firms are not ready to get them trained. This behavior hinders the possibility of landing a job thus forcing unemployed to remain for a long-term period without jobs. Globalization effect. The spread of multinational trade in the countries has enhanced the high rate of competition in the market. Companies that are suffering from the recession are therefore not destined to compete in such competitive-harsh market. Relocation of industries. Some industries have relocated from Australian to countries with real economic power. The employed category remains unemployed, and those expected to acquire job by such company remains jobless with no known period of getting the opportunity. Unemployment in Various States in Australia Australia is a country with different environmental conditions; thus the rate of unemployment in different states differs. The prices in states such as North South Wales, Western Australia, Tasmania, Queensland, South Australia, Tasmania, and Victoria varies. Tasmania leads with the high unemployment rate at 22.2%, with youth unemployment of 10.1% (de Vries 2014). It suffers most from the GFC and other activities that affect the economic growth of Australia. Youth unemployment is too elaborate compared to other states in the country. South Australia follows with a general of 21.8% unemployment rate. However, it has 15.4% youth unemployment rate. It was the highest jobless youth rate in 2008, currently second after Tasmania. The state of Tasmania suffers from a high incidence of heterogeneity which runs from 12.6% to 19.1% in Barossa region (Carvalho 2015). Western Australia comes third with 21.3% unemployment rate. It has a youth jobless capacity of 10%. The State is performing on yo uthful category even though; it was at 5.6 % of unemployed young men. Through the past periods, it has experienced a fading in the mining boom which has contributed to its rating. Queensland comes fourth after Western Australia with 21.2% of the unemployed population. Regarding youths, it had 13. 95 of unemployed young people. Though reduced, it still above the natural level of unemployment. In 2008, the State had 7.0% of unemployed youths, however; currently, it has 12.5%. Victoria follows Queensland with 20.5%. It had 14.9% of jobless youths compared to 2008 statistics of 9.45 (O'Callaghan 2015). The major areas in Victoria affected by unemployment are Melbourne, Geelong, and Hume. New South Wales' rate of unemployment is 20.0%. In 2008, it had a youth jobless rate of 10.0% and 12.8% in 2015. The remaining states such as Northern Territory, and Australia Capital Territory have an unemployment rate of 18.5%, and 18.6% respectively. This is as per August 2016. These are the states that have a low level of unemployment opportunities in Australia. Issues and Government Policies of Australia Australia as a country that suffers from unemployment has various matters related to its problems. These problems contribute positively and negatively towards its strategic plans aimed at reducing poverty to a natural level. The Scarring Effects of Unemployment in Australia These are long term adverse effects contributed by lack of employment in the country. The majority of unemployed people suffer from various problems initiated by jobless status. Apart from short-term challenges, there are long-term problems. Unreliable income is a constituent of scarring effect among youths (Ghayad and Dickens 2012). Lack of employment creates uncertainty on when to get income. It promotes frustrates among the jobless category to the extent of not knowing what relevant to participate in for the source of revenue. The effects are long lived in individuals even to their adulthood; it creates a static state dependence. Lack of job today among the youths in Australia increases the possibility of being jobless in the future. This is illustrated by scholars that early unemployment at a young age affects even future job opportunity as well as earnings to a period of 10 years (Bell and Blanchflower 2015). The probability of being jobless in future if one is currently unemployed is three times the chance of not getting a job today. Such ideologies create mayhem among the youth who are willing and able yet they cant secure opportunities. If whatever the scholar's posit is correct, then the majority of Australian children will have difficulty getting a job in future. A possibility that will make many dependent on their undefined means of income (Morsy 2012). Unemployment effect poses with it a signal of poverty. If a young population sense a signal of poverty, there exist social exclusion which is detrimental to the growth and integration of economy. They feel alienated and lack health securities. Financial handicap causes poor demographic composition in the society. Therefore, if unemployment effects are not tackled, there is a higher chanc4s of Australia being an underdeveloped country. Studies illustrate the large effect of killing a dream of youths by denying those jobs (Henkel 2015). The mindset knows very well the capability of this group of people, through employment, every citizen is assured of life satisfaction. Failure to offer jobs will lead to mental health problems. More often, after failing to attain a job, many involves in drug abuse among other terrible and dangerous practices with adverse effects on health. Another side effect of unemployment contributing to mental deterioration is a lack of work experience and skills (C ockx and Picchio 2013). Lack of work experiences hinders chances of getting jobs thus increases long-term unemployment period accompanied with a hangover for jobs. Policies by Australian Government The Australian government has been trying various strategies to improve unemployment conditions in the country. In 1994, the state came up with policies that change the provision of income in passive form to active form. The active form assures for re-employment among employees. It incorporated training of employees, making receipts of unemployment benefits and job creation. This policy aimed to streamline the labor sector to make employees well equipped with both skills and experience (Carvalho 2015). The program too activated for active market programs to help to solve term unemployment issues. By 1997 after the implementation of labor marketing programs, the country decided to privatize its public employment sector entirely. This program helps in solving job matching challenges, talent search through and training on managerial roles. The new programs then helped the government to reduce spending on the labor market. The programs for both employer and employee required unemployed t o work for six months part-time with no payments. Providing experiences to the unemployed group were mean. Through free part-time commitments, employees were trained on how they can help the community in community servicing without expecting payee. Current Policies Used in Australia The labor department decided to change the above-discussed policies in 2009, where a new unit known as Job Service Australia was formed. Job Service Australia aimed at providing incentives to jobs of vocational category and involves training for longer periods. Through, the program much jobless have been enticed by the incentives to join the vocational training whereby in process unemployment can gain experiences and skills. The Australian government has been using the program though not much efficient, the costs of controlling unemployment opportunities are reduced (Knotek II and Terry 2009). In collaboration with Common Wealth, the country has appointed relevant employment coordinators as an initiative to deal with unemployment in prioritized locations of the country. Conclusion The study has confirmed levels of unemployment in Australia with possible causes. The significant contribution is unstable economic conditions not able to support financial requirements by both youthful and adult population who lacks skills and knowledge due to prolonged unemployment menace (Number 2013). The level of jobless among youths is in a sad state with the majority falling within 20-24 years of age. To curb the problem the country should work towards restructuring economic that can accommodate both skilled and unskilled job seekers. Policy recommendations should be looked at to identify the loopholes and mechanisms to curb unemployment. Among the concern to prolonged unemployment situations, is to have a small payment basis as an entry to the job market after which the acquired experiences and skills can elevate one to the dream salary. Primary entry can help prevent social challenges due to psychological torture injected on those unemployed citizens (Carcillo and Knigs 2015 ). The research has shown that mismatch of skills does contribute to the unemployment in the country. The county should come up with clear guidelines on the building of connections young population to adequately adjust to the requirement through learning and vocational programs. Numerical and literacy test are the ingredients of improving their labor demand; therefore, the government ought to contribute to investment in such programs. References Bell, D.N. and Blanchflower, D.G., 2015. Youth unemployment in Greece: measuring the challenge. IZA Journal of European Labor Studies, 4(1), pp.1-25. Carcillo, S. and Knigs, S., 2015. NEET Youth in the Aftermath of the Crisis: Challenges and Policies. Available at SSRN 2573655. Carvalho, P., 2015. Budget 2015: plucking the foreign flock may backfire. ABC News , pp. 1-4. Carvalho, P., 2015. Why migrants may be our greatest economic asset. ABC News , pp. 1-4. Carvalho, P., 2015. Youth unemployment in Australia. Policy: A Journal of Public Policy and Ideas, 31(4), p.36. Cockx, B. and Picchio, M., 2013. Scarring effects of remaining unemployed for longà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ term unemployed schoolà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ leavers. Journal of the Royal Statistical Society: Series A (Statistics in Society), 176(4), pp.951-980. de Vries, R., 2014. Earning by degrees. Su on trust report, The Su on Trust. Estevo, M., S, F. and Petrongolo, B., 2008. The 35-Hour Workweek in France: Straightjacket or Welfare Improvement?[with Discussion]. Economic Policy, pp.417-463. Ghayad, R. and Dickens, W.T., 2012. What can we learn by disaggregating the unemployment-vacancy relationship?. FRB of Boston Public Policy Brief, (12-3). Henkel, D., 2015. Unemployment and substance use: a review of the literature (1990-2010). Current drug abuse reviews, 4(1), pp.4-27. Knotek II, E.S. and Terry, S., 2009. How will unemployment fare following the recession?. Economic Review-Federal Reserve Bank of Kansas City, 94(3), p.7. Morsy, H., March 2012,. Scarred Generation. International Monetary Fund , Vol. 49, No. 1(Finance Development), pp. 1-6. Number, C., 2013 . 6102.0.55.001 - Labour Statistics: Concepts, Sources and Methods, 2013. Australian Bereau of Statistics , pp. 1-4. O'Callaghan, D., 2015. Backpackers turn back on Australia after federal budget changes increase working holiday taxation. ABC Rural , pp. 1-3. Virtue, R., 2014. The summer pilgrimage of fruit picking backpackers. ABC Central West NSW, pp. 1-2.